The city will be founded here. Here the city will be founded Lodeynoye Pole, Leningrad region

In 1782, the most famous monument to Peter was erected in St. Petersburg - the famous “Bronze Horseman” by Etienne Falconet

Peter Romanov inherited the Russian throne at the age of 10, in 1682, and began to rule Russia seven years later. The young tsar was the first of the Russian monarchs to make a detailed trip around Western Europe, and having returned from foreign lands, he began to reshape Russia in a European way, so large-scale, controversially and urgently that he became known as a grandiose reformer, who also expanded the territory of the empire in the Baltic region and strengthened the authority of the Russian state in the world. Therefore, Peter the Great was nicknamed the Great.

The beginning, it would seem, did not promise a dizzying career for this man. He was born the fourteenth child of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but was the firstborn of his mother, Tsarina Natalya Naryshkina. One-year-old Peter was given to be raised by nannies, and his education at the time of succession to the throne was weak; he even wrote with errors throughout his life. But the boy was unusually inquisitive and successfully mastered many sciences, both in childhood and in adulthood, in practice. The story of how Tsar Peter, in simple clothes, along with the peasants, planed and sawed at foreign shipyards, learning the ship craft, is indicative.

In the likeness of foreign systems, Peter made the Russian Empire a regular police state and divided it into provinces; He dressed the shaven gentlemen in foreign clothes, changed the calendar, founded the first Russian newspaper and in 1724 founded the Academy of Sciences. The progressive emperor also ordered the founding of new cities, not like those usual for free Mother Rus', chaotic and variegated, but according to civilized laws - pre-planned, topographically verified, adapted for communications and roads. The sovereign "tested" the project in the southern coastal city of Taganrog, and was going to build the capital there, but the war with the Turks there adjusted the plans. After the first fitting in the likeness of Taganrog urban planning, Peter the Great erected his glorious brainchild - St. Petersburg.

What other cities arose in our country thanks to this emperor? Peter also put his royal hand to several settlements, sometimes notable, but which did not become cities. "Evening Moscow" found information about the creations of the Petrovs, which received the status of cities in ancient times or in modern history. Let's arrange them according to the chronology of their foundation.

1. Petrovsk, Saratov region

The successful campaign against Azov inspired the young tsar to build a fortress on the Medveditsa River, a tributary of the Don-Batyushka in the Saratov region. It was necessary to protect the territory from attacks by Crimean Tatars and roaming robbers. The sovereign issued a corresponding decree on November 15, 1697. And six months later a quadrangular fortress was founded there. Merchants and handicrafts began to develop there, and an entire Petrovsky district was formed. Now it is the administrative center of the Petrovsky district of the Saratov region with a population of approximately 30 and a half thousand residents. And the main attractions of the townspeople are the monument to Peter the Great on the station square, created by the sculptor A. Drozdov, the century-old church in the name of the icon of the Kazan Blessed Virgin Mary and the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

2. Taganrog, Rostov region

In the story about this city, there is an incredible number of uses of the word “for the first time.” Taganrog was founded in 1698 by Peter the Great and became the first naval base of Russia, the first Russian port on the open sea coast, the first city in Russia built according to a regular plan, Taganrog harbor is the first in the world built not in a natural bay, but in the open sea , this is the first city of the Russian Empire, where a commercial court was introduced in 1808, it was the only non-capital city with an Italian opera, and in 1699, the first penal servitude in the history of Russia was established in the region, and Taganrog became its center. The city is located on the Miussky Peninsula Taganrog Bay Sea of ​​Azov, the historical part is on Cape Taganiy Rog with a lighthouse. In fact, this is a fairly large peninsula city, except for one direction, wherever you go - you will come out to the sea. Once upon a time, nobles, officials and clergy were exiled there, as well as captured Turks and Tatars, Swedes and Balts. Greek and Italian merchants, Armenian and Jewish merchants and nobility flocked there by sea. So the national flavor of the population of about 300,000 current residents is unique. In Taganrog, researchers identified Pushkin's Lukomorye; Many world-famous celebrities were born or lived there, from emperors and military leaders to writers, composers, and artists. During the Great Patriotic War, during the three-year occupation, the most powerful anti-fascist underground in the South operated there; on November 3, 2011, Taganrog was awarded the honorary title “City of Military Glory.”

3. Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk region

The city was founded in 1701 by decree of Emperor Peter the Great and at first for two centuries it was known for the Kamensk state-owned iron foundry, which produced the best cannons in the world. The ore in those places lay close to the surface and was easily mined by hand. The servants of the Dalmatovsky monastery noticed this and legally registered the lands for themselves. But soon Tsar Peter realized the easy accessibility of the ore so necessary for the state; his specialists rated the Ural ore highly; the emperor returned state lands to the treasury and issued a decree on the construction of an ironworks there, the foundation of the future city. In January 1774, the Kamensky plant participated in the peasant uprising of Emelyan Pugachev. The workers left the power of the factory owners and cast ten cannons and three hundred pounds of cannonballs for the Pugachevites. The Tsar's regiment defeated the rebel detachment and returned the plant to the state. During the Great Patriotic War, the only aluminum plant in the country operated in Kamensk-Uralsky, thanks to which the soviet aviation. The city is notable for the fact that the border of the Urals and Siberia passes through it. Today the population of the city is more than 172,000, mainly Russians and Tatars.

4. Lodeynoye Pole, Leningrad region

In 1702, it arose as a shipbuilders’ settlement at the Olonets shipyard founded by Peter the Great. The choice of location is clear - three-quarters of the entire area is covered with forests in Lodeynoye Pole; for a long time, residents of small settlements there were engaged in logging, and there was also shipbuilding. Over the 130 years of operation, the Olonets Shipyard has built about 450 ships. They built quickly then - spurred by the Northern War with Sweden. And near the shipyard, forges, workshops, and residential barracks arose, and that’s how the town was formed. There was also a temporary house for Tsar Peter. The settlement grew and in 1785, Catherine the Second ordered it to be granted city status. During the Great Patriotic War, Lodeynoye Pole held the defense for 1000 days, not allowing the Nazis to approach Leningrad, guarding the Road of Life. Now it is the administrative center of the Lodeynopolsky district of the Leningrad region with a population of 20 and a half thousand people.

5. St. Petersburg

The grandiose, most famous creation of Peter the Great. Until January 26, 1924 - Petrograd, until September 6, 1991 - Leningrad. He was named Emperor in honor of the Apostle Peter, keeper of the keys to the gates of heaven. The metropolis is located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and at the mouth of the Neva River. St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia for two centuries, starting in 1710. It was founded in 1703, when the first stone was laid on Hare Island, and began to grow new town; At first there was the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was built by the forces of serfs, who were forcibly herded for construction; several thousand people died from malnutrition and overwork. In 1710, by order of the Tsar, 15 thousand different artisans from all over the country were resettled there, and land in the city was given to them for free. Because central part The city was formed very quickly. The city was built by foreign specialists according to European canons both in architecture and in infrastructure - according to a clear layout. But until the mid-18th century, almost no attention was paid to decorating the city. But Empress Elizabeth introduced a new landmark - majestic buildings worthy of the capital. And under Paul the First, the most mystical building in St. Petersburg was built - the Mikhailovsky Castle, densely overgrown with legends. In the 20th century, they came to grips with the comfort of St. Petersburg: they built dozens of bridges, built railway lines, and launched a tram. And then the Russians poured there in a stream, the population grew faster than New York. The most tragic period of the city was the siege of Leningrad, 900 heroic days in 1941-1945. Now the city's population is more than 5 million inhabitants, it is the 4th largest city in Europe. St. Petersburg is notable for the fact that the total length of all watercourses on its territory is 282 km, their water surface is approximately 7% of the total area of ​​the city.

6. Petrozavodsk, capital of Karelia

In 1703, on the shore of Lake Onega near the mouth of the Lososinka River, by decree of Tsar Peter, the Shuya ironworks and cannon foundry were built. And the ore for it was taken from the lake itself. A two-story wooden palace and a camp church were built there for the royalty. Then a copper smelting and metal processing plant was opened. Of course, a settlement grew up around such a large production. In 1920, Soviet Petrozavodsk became the capital of the Karelian Labor Commune, and soon - the capital of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In October 1941, the city was occupied by Finnish troops, renamed Jaanislinna, and at that time seven concentration camps were set up there. A system of rivers and canals connects Petrozavodsk with the Baltic, White, Barents, Caspian and Black seas; the city also has five lakes. The current population of Petrozavodsk is 270,600 inhabitants, mostly Russians. But the city is also a place of compact residence of Karelians (20% of the Karelians of the republic) and Vepsians (more than half of all Vepsians of Karelia and a quarter of all Vepsians of Russia).

7. Lipetsk, regional center

In ancient times there stood the village of Malye Studenki Lipetsk. And in 1703, Tsar Peter looked at this place at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River for the location of iron and steel smelting plants, so that they would provide products for the Russian army and navy. And factory workers were moved in with the villagers, calling the settlement Lipskiye Zheleznye Zavody. In 1779 she became county town Tambov governorship, and then Lipetsk. There would have been no luck, but misfortune helped - in 1806, a strong fire destroyed part of the city, and instead of chaotically arranged barracks and houses, new buildings were erected according to the master plan - with wide straight streets between mansions. And even a complex of resort buildings appeared. Lipetsk became a regional Soviet center in 1954. It is located on the banks of the Voronezh River (Don basin), at an altitude of about 160 meters above sea level. Now it is a dynamically developing city in the Black Earth Region - over the past 50 years its population has quadrupled, exceeding 500,000.

8. Biysk, Altai region

The history of Biysk began in 1709 with the Bikatun fort, one of the defensive structures of the south-eastern borders of Russia against raids from the Dzungar Khanate. Just a year later the Teleuts destroyed it. A new fort was built nearby, on the Biya River, so the fort had to be renamed Biysky. The relevance of the fortress disappeared and in 1846 the city was transformed from a military-administrative one into a commercial and industrial one; a tannery, a distillery, brick and sawmills, a shag and flax weaving factory, a steam mill, and a refrigerator were built there. Biysk is famous for the fact that, being the center of the Altai Spiritual Mission, it gave birth in 1830-1840 to one of the first scientific translations of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into Russian in Russia. Currently, 205,250 residents live in Biysk. This is a city of scientific and production enterprises of the defense industry. The Institute of Chemical-Energy Technologies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located in Biysk. On November 21, 2005, the city was awarded the status of a science city of the Russian Federation.

9. Peterhof (Petrodvorets), Leningrad region

This country residence of the Russian emperors was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 on south coast Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg. The grandiose fountain system of Peterhof is famous all over the world. And once there were three little ones Finnish villages. But by 1714, the Great Peterhof Palace, the Great Grotto with cascades, Monplaisir and other structures of the Lower Park were laid out on the site. At first, the settlement at the Palace was built chaotically, most of the peasants even lived in dugouts. In the 1730s, the famous architect M. Zemtsov created a clear layout for Peterhof. The world-famous hydraulic system of Peterhof was created 10 years earlier according to the design of hydraulic engineer Vasily Tuvolkov. To supply the fountains, a 40 km long water pipeline was built, along its length there are 18 storage ponds with almost one and a half million cubic meters of water. The water cannons that gained popularity worked on the principle of communicating vessels. In the mid-1850s, entrepreneur A. Stieglitz financed the construction of the Peterhof railway 30 km to St. Petersburg. Peterhof became a city in 1762, a wonderful landmark of which to this day is the Peterhof Museum-Reserve, a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. In 1944, the city was renamed Petrodvorets, a science city of the Russian Federation since 2005, population more than 73,000.

10. Sestroretsk, Leningrad region

In 1721, the sovereign decided to build another weapons factory and remembered the place where in 1703 Russian troops defeated the Swedish army in order to break through at least one exit for Russia to Baltic Sea. It was near the Sestra River, and the harbor remained there. And Peter ordered to build a summer palace with a garden nearby, on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. The sovereign's desire was realized by 1724 using locally produced bricks (however, the palace was dismantled in 1781). Well, they began to build a plant not far away. For a long time he then provided Russian soldiers with gunpowder, pistols, muskets and cannons. From the peaceful assortment, his door handles, copper buttons and gratings for the Fontanka River of the Catherine Canal are memorable. In 1735, the Chernorechensky Iron Foundry was built on the Dibun Swamp to help the Sestroretsk plant, and things went even better. Sestroretsk craftsmen became famous for making the famous “Daddy’s car” based on the drawings of M. Lomonosov. And starting from 1922, the Soviet Sestroretsk plant was converted into a tool plant. In the 1960-1980s, the city was massively built up with multi-storey buildings and a mud bath was opened there. The city has become a seaside climatic balneological mud resort with its own mineral water and healing mud. Several watercourses now flow through Sestroretsk, connecting Lake Sestroretsky Razliv and the Gulf of Finland. There are about 37,250 local residents registered there.

The Russian Tsar, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire Peter I was born on June 9 (May 30, old style) 1672. The only son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) from his second marriage to Natalya Naryshkina (1651-1694).

As a child, Peter was educated at home, and from a young age he knew German, then studied Dutch, English and French.

With the help of palace craftsmen, he mastered many crafts (carpentry, lathe, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, and had a good memory.

In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, bypassing his elder half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan, Princess Sophia, and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich’s first wife, the Miloslavskys, used the Streltsy uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, adherents and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the “senior” tsar, and Peter was declared the “junior” tsar under the ruler Sophia.

Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. Here Peter I showed interest in military activities, he created “amusing” regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian army, and was interested in firearms and shipbuilding.

In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter I and Sophia, who was striving for autocracy. In August 1689, Peter I received news that Sophia was preparing a palace coup. He hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, assembled by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her associates were exiled or executed.

After the death of Ivan Alekseevich in 1696, Peter I became the sole tsar.

Possessing a strong will, determination and great capacity for work, Peter I throughout his life expanded his knowledge and skills in various fields, devoting Special attention military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during his first trip abroad, he completed a full course in artillery sciences in Konigsberg, worked as a carpenter for six months in the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland), studying naval architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.

During his reign, Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming Russia's lag behind the advanced countries of the West.

Transformations affected all areas public life. Peter I expanded the ownership rights of landowners over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with a capitation tax, issued a decree on possession peasants who were allowed to be acquired by the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and tribute peasants to state-owned and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The Decree on Single Inheritance (1714) equalized estates and fiefdoms, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of their sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of the land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merits.

Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, communications, domestic and foreign trade.

The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), instead of orders, collegiums were established (1718), the control apparatus was first represented by “fiscals” (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the Prosecutor General. In place of the patriarchate, a Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government.

Administrative reform was of great importance. Peter I initially formed a two-stage system of administrative-territorial division and local government (in 1708, provinces were formed headed by governors or governors-general), and from 1719 - a three-stage system: the provinces were divided into provinces (headed by provincial governors), which included counties, headed by commandants (there were also zemstvo commissars in the cities).

In 1703, Peter I founded the city of St. Petersburg, which became the capital of the state in 1712. In 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire.

As a military leader, Peter I stands among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, generals and naval commanders in Russian and world history of the 18th century. His whole life's work was to strengthen Russia's military power and increase its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, and wage a long-term struggle for Russia’s access to the sea in the north and south. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified itself on the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia, under the leadership of Peter I, achieved complete victory and gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct connections with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723) it went to Russia West Coast Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku.

During the Northern War, Peter I created a regular army and navy. The basis of the structure of the armed forces was conscription (1705) and compulsory military service of nobles who received the rank of officer after graduating from military school or serving as privates and sergeants of the guard. The organization, weapons and equipment, rules of training and tactics, the rights and responsibilities of all ranks of the army and navy were determined by the Military Regulations (1716), the Naval Regulations (1720) and the Maritime Regulations (1722), in the development of which Peter I participated.

Paying much attention to the technical re-equipment of the army and navy, Peter I established the development and production of new types of ships, new types of artillery guns and ammunition, and created a coherent system for basing the fleet on the Azov, Baltic and Caspian seas. Was built a large number of rowing and sailing ships.

Taking care of the morale of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished generals with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by him in 1698, and soldiers and officers with medals and promotions (soldiers also with money). At the same time, Peter I introduced severe discipline in the army with corporal punishment and death penalty for serious military crimes.

The principles of organizing the regular army and navy introduced by Peter I and the rules of military art developed by him predetermined the development of military affairs in Russia for many decades and formed the basis of the “Peter’s” military school, from which later came outstanding commanders and naval commanders Pyotr Rumyantsev, Alexander Suvorov, Fyodor Ushakov, Mikhail Kutuzov, Pavel Nakhimov and others.

Peter I skillfully took advantage of the favorable circumstances of the international situation and showed the ability to compromise in relations with other states. He repeatedly personally negotiated and concluded agreements, while exploiting the contradictions between European countries. Under him, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates were established abroad, and outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.

Peter I also carried out major reforms in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, and the clergy's monopoly on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), and the Medical and Surgical School; The first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), and translator schools at collegiums were established.

Peter I ordered the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper, Vedomosti (1702). Replaced the Cyrillic number system with Arabic numerals (1705-1710) and the Cyrillic font with a civil font (1708-1710). Contributed to the development of Russian book printing.

Peter I laid the foundation for the state library business and opened the first library in the country scientific library in his palace in the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg. Founded the first Russian public natural science museum - the Kunstkamera. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and chronology from the “Nativity of Christ”, and not from the “Creation of the World”.

In the field of healthcare, Peter I initiated an increase in the number of pharmacies through their opening by private individuals. Founded military hospitals in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. For the cultivation of medicinal herbs, he established apothecary gardens in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, etc. He established the position of the chief Russian physician - archiatr (1716), who later headed the Medical Chancellery.

Drew attention to the search and development of sources in Russia medicinal waters, founded the first resort in the country - Marcial Waters (1719).

Peter I was married twice. From his first marriage to Evdokia Lopukhina, Peter had two children - Alexey and Alexander. The latter died in infancy. In 1712, Peter married Ekaterina Alekseevna (Martha Skavronskaya; later Empress Catherine I). With Catherine, Peter I had 11 children, seven died in infancy and two more - Peter and Natalya - in childhood; Only Anna Petrovna and Elizaveta Petrovna survived.

Peter I died on February 8 (January 28, old style) 1725, and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

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Saint Petersburg. Peter Pickart. Engraving from 1704

1703 On May 27 (May 16, old style) Peter I founded the city of St. Petersburg

Starting the war with Sweden, Peter I first of all wanted to return to Russia the lands of “fathers and grandfathers”, seized during the unrest in the Muscovite state and ceded to the Swedes under the Treaty of Stolbov in 1617. Therefore, when the actions of F. M. Apraksin’s detachment, sent in 1702 against the Swedes, were accompanied by terrible devastation of villages on the banks of the Neva, Tsar Peter was “not very pleased.” Most of all, the tsar was also dissatisfied because the instructions forbade devastation of the Izhora lands. F.M. Apraksin, who expected the highest praise, was forced to justify himself: he had to go to the destruction of the villages, they say, in order to squeeze the enemy in the supply of food supplies. But the tsar was still dissatisfied, because the country, which Peter I considered Russian, had been “conquered.”

When in the fall of 1702 the Russians stormed Swedish fortress Noteburg is the ancient Novgorod city of Oreshek, Peter I was delighted that they had obtained the “key to the sea”, and wrote about this victory: “It is true that this nut was very cruel, however, thank God, it was happily chewed.” The Tsar personally nailed the fortress key over the gate and announced that from now on the city would be called “Shlisselburg” (“Key City”) - the key to the Neva. The Emperor granted A.D. Menshikov as Shlisselburg, Korel and Ingermaland governor, but these lands still had to be conquered so that the title was not an empty phrase. The Neva was then in the hands of the Swedes, but the name turned out to be prophetic: gradually the path to the sea was obtained, and the entire length of the river began to belong to Russia.

True, the nature in these places was scarce and inhospitable: the soil was barren, swamps and swamps everywhere, dense forest all around, settlements were rare. But, accompanied by his entourage, Peter I went to inspect the banks of the Neva in order to choose a place for the future capital. He chose the island of Ieni-Saari (Hare), which was located in the place of the Big Neva where it divides into the Neva and Nevka. In the spring, when the meager nature of the north also blooms, the birch groves of Hare Island also dressed in a bright green outfit and resounded with the jubilant singing of birds, and the first flowers appeared among the young grass. Peter I named this island Lust-Eyland (Merry), and the Peter and Paul Fortress was founded on it, from which St. Petersburg was established.

Although it is believed that the Russian Tsar named the city being built “in his honor,” however, in reality, everything was not entirely true. The city was named not in honor of Tsar Peter, but in honor of St. Peter - “Petrov’s angel”. S.P. Zavarikhin, the author of a book about the city from the time of Peter I, generally believes that May 16, the day the fortress was founded, is not yet the day the city was founded, since the fortress and the city are not the same thing. There are still no documents that, along with the fortress, the construction of a city, especially a capital city, was also implied. But it is known that the idea to build a city at the mouth of the Neva was first expressed by Admiral F. Golovin. True, he also had in mind the construction of a small town for the division of Finland and Livonia (Latvia and Estonia), as well as for storing military supplies. So at first there was no talk about the city at all, since it was urgently necessary to build a port and a fortress, and the role of the city at the fortress was played by Nienschatz-Slottburg.

True, they also say this: when the foundation of the fortress was taking place, Peter I cut out two sods and laid them crosswise, saying at the same time: “There will be a city here.” Then he began to dig a ditch that was supposed to surround the fortress. Popular legend adds that at this time an eagle appeared in the sky and began to soar over the king. A stone box was lowered into the ditch, the clergy sprinkled it with holy water, and the sovereign placed in it a golden ark with a particle of the relics of St. Andrew the Apostle (Then he covered the box with a stone plaque, on which it was written when the founding of St. The royal retinue caught an eagle, and the king saw this as a good omen.

At first, captured Swedes, soldiers and local residents, then workers began to be sent here from all over Russia. The work was very hard: it was necessary to cut down forests, fill up swamps, clear the land of brushwood and bushes, build houses, dig canals. They worked in any weather, often under enemy fire. The matter was carried out with such zeal that by June 22, 1703, the guard and division of Prince N.I. Repnin moved to the newly founded fortress. On June 28, on the eve of the day of Saints Peter and Paul, the fortress was considered in a certain sense completed, and from that time on the letters of Peter the Great there appeared the note: “From St. Petersburg” or “From San Petersburg”, and before he wrote “From Shlotburgh” (or "Schluterburg").

However, in the new fortress, which was supposed to serve as a stronghold for Russian troops and guard the mouth of the Neva, there was still a lot to do. To supply the garrison with water along the entire island (from east to west), a canal was dug, which now does not exist. On its sides there were 4 rows of wooden houses in which soldiers lived; houses were built for the commandant and the parade-major, a workshop, an arsenal and food warehouses. The first fortifications of the fortress consisted of an earthen rampart and bastions, named after those persons who supervised their construction. To the north of the fortress, on the Finnish side, a crownwork was built - an auxiliary fortification built to protect the fortress in the most dangerous place, where the enemy could come closest to it. A ravelin was built on the opposite side, a flag was hoisted on the Sovereign's Bastion, which on special days was replaced by a standard - a yellow banner with a Russian eagle. So that the Tsar could observe the work, a small house was built for him not far from the fortress, which from a distance could be mistaken for a brick one, so how it was painted on wood in Dutch style with red paint with white stripes. The internal structure of "Peter's house" was very simple. It consisted of two rooms, separated by a narrow hallway and a kitchen. All its decoration consisted of bleached canvas wallpaper and doors, frames and shutters painted with bouquets. In one of the rooms, which once served as the king’s bedroom, there is now a chapel, in which there is an icon of the Savior, which accompanied Tsar Peter in many battles, including the battle of Poltava. In “Peter’s house” some things from that time: a skiff with the remains of a sail, made by Peter I himself; a bench that stood at the gate of the house during the king’s life; wooden chair with leather cushion...

Initially, the city was built up without any plan; wooden houses were built haphazardly, low and without courtyards, with the entrance directly from the street. If a carriage passed along the street, then due to the instability of the soil, the glass and dishes in such houses would clink. Under Peter I, the streets had no names, the houses had no numbers, so it was difficult for visitors to find their acquaintances. The fire of 1710 destroyed the large market, since it was impossible to penetrate the narrow passages between the houses; the raging flames quickly turned the market into one big fire, and in just an hour there was nothing left of it. The fire also showed that streets should be laid out correctly and houses should be built at a distance from each other.

St. Petersburg was built up slowly, since until the end of the Northern War no one could be sure of the final possession of this area. And there were few who wanted to go to the new city - to the “desert, abundant” only in swamps and tears. In 1705, there were only 3,000 inhabitants in St. Petersburg, not counting, of course, soldiers. To populate his “paradise,” Peter I even had to resort to coercive measures. From the first years of the city’s founding, a series of decrees from within Russia sent “people of every rank, crafts and arts to live in St. Petersburg; not the poor, those with few families or those with little income, but those who would have free trades, industries or factories.” All settlers had to build houses for themselves in the city and live in them permanently. However, difficult living conditions forced many to flee, and often messengers caught the first St. Petersburg residents.

Gradually, following the St. Petersburg side, little by little it began to be built up and Vasilyevsky Island. Peter I ordered all spiritual and secular village owners and nobles to build houses here, and they had to be built in three years so as not to lose their estate. Land and timber for buildings were distributed free of charge, but houses had to be built of stone. Some “eminent” people, by royal decree, had to build two or even three houses, but you can’t live in all of them at once! So it turned out that the outside of the buildings was completely plastered and painted, but the inside remained empty - without any decoration. Only poor people could build wooden houses for themselves, but only in alleys and outlying streets.”

Quoted from: Ionina N.A. One Hundred Great Cities of the World. M.: Veche 2000, 2003

History in faces

On the 15th, he deigned to send a small company of soldiers and ordered the shores of this island to be cleared and the forests cut down and piled up. During this carving, an eagle's nest on that island was seen on a tree.

On the 16th, that is, on the day of Pentecost, according to the Divine litorgy, with the face of the saint and the general and civil ranks from Kanets deigned to march on ships along the Neva River and upon arrival on the island of Luistrand and after the blessing of the water and after reading the prayer for the foundation of the city and after sprinkling Holy water, took a spade, and the first began to dig a ditch. Then the eagle, with a great noise of soaring wings, descended from its height and soared over that island.

The Tsar's Majesty, having gone away a little, cut out three turfs and deigned to bring them to the designated place. At that time, the ditch was conceived, the earth was dug about two arshins deep and a quadrangular box carved from stone was placed in it, and after sprinkling that box with holy water, he deigned to place in that box a golden ark, in it the relics of the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, and cover it with stone a cover on which was carved: “After the incarnation of Jesus Christ 1703 May 16, the reigning city of St. Petersburg was founded by the Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Peter Alexievich, Autocrat of All Russia.” And he deigned to place on the lid of this box the three sods spoken with the verb: “In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen. The reigning city of St. Petersburg was founded.”

Then His Royal Majesty, on behalf of the saints and generals and from all those who were, we congratulate him on the reigning city of St. Petersburg; The Tsar's Majesty deigned to thank all those who congratulated him, and there was a lot of cannon fire. The eagle was visible soaring over this island. The Tsar's Majesty, having gone to the channel that flows between St. Petersburg and the crown, after serving the litany and sprinkling that place with holy water, deigned to cover another roskat. Then there was a secondary cannon fire, and between those two roars he deigned to measure where the gates should be, ordered two holes to be punched into the ground and, having cut down two birch trees, thin but long, and the tops of those birches rolled up, and put the ends into the punched holes in the ground like gate And when he established the first birch tree in the ground and supplied another, then the eagle, descending from the heights, sat on this gate; Corporal Odintsov removed the eagle from the gate.

The Royal Majesty was overjoyed at this good omen; Having tied the eagle's legs with a scarf and putting a glove on his hand, he deigned to sit him on his hand and ordered him to sing the litiya. After the litany and sprinkling of the gate with holy water, there was a third round of cannon fire, and he deigned to go out through that gate, holding an eagle in his hand, and, boarding a yacht, marched to his house as a royal woman. The face of the saint and the generals and civil ranks were granted to the table; the fun lasted until 2 o'clock in the morning, and there was a lot of cannon fire.

This eagle was in the palace; After the construction of the fortress of St. Alexander on Kotlin Island, this eagle was given to guard duty by His Tsar's Majesty in this Alexander fortress with the name of the eagle commandant rank (Inhabitants of the island, which is now called St. Petersburg, and those who lived near it on the islands said that this eagle was tame, and His life was on the island on which now the city of St. Petersburg was unloaded along the banks of the Neva River, and the eagle was accustomed to the hands of the guards of those forests.

God revealed something similar to the pious king Constantine of old in a dream about the construction of a city in the East. The great and Equal-to-the-Apostles Tsar Constantine was looking at the places to the city building and during the procession from Chalcedon by water to Byzantium he saw an eagle flying and carrying shipyards and other tools of stone makers, which the eagle placed at the wall of the city of Byzantium. The great Tsar Constantine built a city in that place and named it Constantingrad in his name.

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1. Lipetsk
Historians still debate about the founding date of Lipetsk. Official version claims that this city, famous for its factories mineral waters, is a kind of “sister city” of St. Petersburg, since both cities were founded by Peter the Great.
The city was founded by Peter the Great and begins its history in 1703, when, on Peter’s orders, the construction of iron factories began on the Lipovka River.

2.Petrodvorets (until 1944 - Peterhof),

3.Petrokrepost (until 1944 - Shlisselburg)

4. Taganrog July 27, 1696
Here in 1698, Peter the Great founded the first Russian port in the Azov-Black Sea Basin.
At one time, Peter even intended to move the capital of the country here. But the fate of the city was decided by the unsuccessful war with Turkey for Russia. According to an agreement with the Turks in 1712, Taganrog was destroyed.

5.g. Petrovsk is an ancient merchant city, founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698, who, according to legend, visited here in 1707.
The architectural appearance and historical flavor of the city are given by the church built more than 100 years ago in the name of the icon of the Kazan Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Ustinov estate, the building of the hospital, station, fire department, city administration, which to this day are in good condition and protected by law as architectural monuments of the 19th century.

6. Petrozavodsk was founded on September 9, 1703 as Petrovskaya Sloboda.
Not far from Petrozavodsk there is the oldest Russian resort “Marcial Waters”, founded by decree of Peter I in 1721 in honor of the end of the Northern War, where the Church of the Apostle Peter, built according to the design of the tsar, and, of course, the mineral water springs themselves have been preserved. Currently it is a modern balneological sanatorium.

7.Biysk was founded in 1709 by Decree of Peter the Great, it was part of the Biysk-Kuznetsk Cossack line, which guarded the southern borders of Russia.

8.Novosibirsk
At the beginning of the 18th century, under Peter the Great, the development of both banks of the Ob began. Here, by decree of the sovereign, servicemen founded the village of Krivoshchekovo in 1701. This event can be considered the conception (foundation) of the future city, and Peter - its founder.

9.Strelnya
The city was founded in 1707 by Peter the Great and began with Travel Palace and the Church of the Transfiguration. The palace miraculously survived to this day, but the temple was destroyed during the Second World War.

Until 1917, several more churches were erected on the territory of the seaside resort town, including the beautiful St. Nicholas Chapel, which stands on the shore of the sea bay and welcomes everyone arriving in Strelna along the Gulf of Finland. The chapel, consecrated more than a hundred years ago, is still in use today.

10. Lodeynoye Pole - a city founded by Peter the Great in 1702.

11. Sestroretsk was founded by Peter the Great in 1721 in connection with the construction of an arms factory.
Opened in 1724, this plant became one of the largest in Russia, and in terms of its technical equipment it was one of the first in Europe. Excellent muskets, pistols and cannons for the Russian army were produced here.

So the regions of Tula and Serpukhov, Tikhvin, Ustyuzhna Zheleznopolskaya became the center of metallurgy and metalworking. Salt was mined in Pomerania. Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod were famous for leather processing, the Volga region provided bread, etc.

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Everyone who has visited St. Petersburg at least once evokes delight and pride in what they see. Someone once said: “The people of St. Petersburg are lucky - they live in museums.” And when you find yourself in the very heart of St. Petersburg - Old city, you understand and perceive this phrase in its full sense. Here, each house is created in its own unique style, paved granite sidewalks and pavements, numerous bridges over rivers and canals, the fencing of the Summer and Mikhailovsky Gardens, temples and churches - all this causes delight, and the realization that this was created by our ancestors is pride. I suggest visiting St. Petersburg today. For those who were there, this will be a “repetition of the material.” For those who haven't been - study. And for those who live there, perhaps, in some sense, a discovery.

Before we set off to wander the streets and avenues, as always, let’s take a short excursion into history.

Historical notes

The history of the land on which the city of St. Petersburg is now located takes us back about 12 thousand years ago, it was at this time that, after the descent of the glacier, the first settlements of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples appeared. From the middle of the 8th century, the banks of the Neva began to be settled by the Eastern Slavs, and already at the beginning of the 9th century, the developed lands became part of the Old Slavic state, in part of the territory belonging to Veliky Novgorod. Almost from the beginning of the 13th century, this territory was in a constant state of war with the Swedes, and in 1617 the lands along the Neva River became part of Swedish Ingria. However, already during the Northern War, the valley near the Neva River was reconquered and these lands became part of the Russian Empire. On May 16 (27), 1703, the great Russian Emperor Peter I laid the “first stone” of the city of St. Petersburg (with German city St. Peter's), as well as the original (Dutch) form official name Sankt Pieter Burch. More precisely, it would be the first fortress, on Zayachy Island, which would later receive the name Peter and Paul.

For the first decade, the main part of the city was City Island (now Petrogradsky), there were many office buildings, Gostiny Dvor, craft workshops, military units and the Trinity Church. Since 1705, “the left bank of the Neva begins to be rebuilt, the Admiralty Shipyard (the first industrial enterprise) appears here, and later Summer Palace Peter I with the Summer Garden and Winter Palace Petra. In 1712, Peter I proclaimed St. Petersburg the capital of the Russian Empire. After this, the city began to actively grow and develop, large-scale construction began, including the suburban palaces of Ekateringof, Peterhof and Oranienbaum. In 1725, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1728 the first newspaper called “St. Petersburg Gazette” began to be published. Since 1762, the city began to be “dressed” in granite, the city was rebuilt best architects, creating masterpieces, bridges and buildings that we admire to this day. In August 1914, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd; on March 5, 1918, the city was deprived of its title of capital; in 1924, on January 26, the city became Leningrad, and only in 1991 was it returned to the city. historical name- Saint Petersburg.

Legacy of the Greats

“Old” Petersburg is history in pictures. Here almost every house and building is an architectural monument, but even if this is not the case, in any case it is a masterpiece of architecture. Let's take a walk along Nevsky Prospekt - the main street of St. Petersburg.

Nevsky Prospekt is one of the radial highways that stretches from the Admiralty to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; by the way, it was this landmark that gave the name to the street. The widest place, in the Gostiny Dvor area, is 60 meters; near Moika, the avenue narrows to 25 meters. The avenue crosses three waterways - the Moika River, across which the so-called Green Bridge is thrown, the Griboyedov Canal, the banks of which are connected by the Kazansky Bridge and the Fontanka River through the Anichkov Bridge (we will definitely stop at it a little later). Oddly enough, the avenue does not go directly to the Neva anywhere. In general, Nevsky concentrated everything great that connects our memories of traveling to Northern capital. One way or another, in the area of ​​Nevsky Prospekt and the streets and numerous alleys that cross it, many attractions have accumulated.

Kazan Cathedral. In the very center of the city there is an Orthodox cathedral church - the Kazan Cathedral, the majestic facades of which proudly rise above Nevsky Prospect on one side and the Griboyedov Canal on the other. The height of the structure is 71.5 meters. The first mention of the place where the majestic temple is located today dates back to 1710, this year a wooden chapel was built here, later a church appeared in its place, a stone temple was founded in 1733, according to the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Initially, the church was called “Rozhdestvenskaya”, the author of the project was the famous architect of that time M. Zemtsov, a little later the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was transported here from the Trinity Cathedral, and gradually the Nativity Church began to be called Kazan. By the end of the 18th century, a decision was made to build a new temple, as a result of which Paul I in 1799 announced a competition for the best project; the project of Andrei Voronikhin, the former serf count A.S., was approved. Strogonova. It was Count Stroganov who became responsible for the construction of the monumental structure; in 1811 the construction was completed. It is noteworthy that only Russian architects and builders took part in the creation of one of the majestic buildings of the capital Peter. A grandiose colonnade of 96 thirteen-meter columns, bronze sculptures of Alexander Nevsky, St. Andrew the First-Called, John the Baptist and Prince Vladimir crowning the cathedral, the largest bell weighing 4 tons, the luxury of the interior decoration - a truly masterpiece structure that deserves attention.

Savior on Spilled Blood. Literally turning the corner, you will see another majestic structure - the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood. The multicolored domes rise 81 meters above the Griboyedov Canal. The temple is a museum; it was erected on the very spot where Tsar-Liberator Alexander II was mortally wounded; inside the temple, part of the cobblestone street on which the Tsar’s blood was shed was preserved. Construction of the temple was completed in 1907. In the 1920s, the temple even served as a vegetable storehouse; during the blockade, there was a morgue here; in the post-war period, the building was given over to the Maly Theater as a storage facility, and only in 1968 did the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments take the temple under its “guardianship”; currently one of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg has been restored and belongs to the list of architectural monuments.

Tasha Tashireva
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