What cultural monuments are located in Crimea. Crimean traditional architecture: eclecticism in harmony with nature. Architectural monuments of Crimea and religion

The Crimean Peninsula is one of the most beautiful places on planet Earth. It was rightly nicknamed “the museum under open air" This place harmoniously combines various forms of relief, climatic conditions, exotic plants. This is a crossroads of many civilizations and peoples; its history is filled with the most incredible events and unexpected turns. The monuments of Crimea are very diverse; there are many unique historical, architectural, and natural attractions.

Vorontsov Palace

The famous residence of Count Vorontsov is one of the main historical monuments of Crimea; it brought enormous popularity to the city in which it is located - Alupka.

The building and the luxurious park surrounding it have become a complex and interesting phenomenon in architecture. This beautiful creation is considered the best project of the royal architect E. Blore.

The facades of the palace are made in different styles:

• Northern resembles the scenery for a film about noble knights of the Middle Ages;
• Yuzhny takes you to an oriental fairy tale.

When vacationing in Alupka and its surroundings, set aside one day to visit the complex. You will get a lot of positive emotions from a tour of the rooms of the castle and the luxurious view that opens from the Lion’s Terrace. Take a walk around huge park with exotic plants, centuries-old trees, cozy benches, picturesque fountains and romantic gazebos.

Massandra Palace

The palace museum was built in a secluded corner of the peninsula, surrounded by dense forest. The construction of the estate was initiated by Count Vorontsov in 1881, but he died in 1882. In 1889, the unfinished estate was purchased for the emperor Alexandra III, but he couldn’t live in it either.

During the Soviet period, this beautiful architectural landmark was closed to ordinary citizens. The royal palace became a resting place for party leaders. Now the palace has become a museum, and excursions are regularly held there.

bird home

This is probably the most recognizable landmark of Crimea. The romantic castle was built on a high cliff of Cape Ai-Todor near Yalta. His image appears on millions of postcards, photographs, and paintings.

The building was built at the beginning of the twentieth century according to the design of the talented architect V. Sherwood, who also designed Historical Museum on the Red Square. In 1927, Crimea experienced strong earthquake, but the mini-castle was practically not damaged. For several years the library of the Zhemchuzhina sanatorium was located here. Then the building was declared unsafe and closed.

Only in 1968 its reconstruction began, the following work was carried out:

• We dismantled a small part of the structure and placed a monolithic reinforced concrete slab under its base;
• The castle was reinforced with a metal frame, which protects against seismic influence.

Now there is an Italian restaurant in the castle.

Genoese fortress

The stronghold of the Genoese was built in the XIV-XV centuries in compliance with the best traditions of engineering art of that time. Thanks to its location and powerful fortifications, it was practically crime-free:

• From the western, southern, east sides invaders are stopped by sheer cliffs;
• From the northeast there is a deep ditch.

The future historical and architectural monument was protected by powerful walls with defensive towers.

The fortress is well preserved, it scenic objects often used in the filming of historical and adventure films.

Chersonesos

This Big City for two centuries it was the center of political, cultural and economic life North coast Black and Azov seas. Ancient polis founded by Greek colonists in the 5th century BC. The Byzantines simply called it Kherson. Over the course of two thousand years, the settlement has undergone architectural changes more than once. In the 14th century, Chersonesus was captured and destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars.

Jur-Jur

This unique monument nature is the most unique and picturesque waterfall in Crimea. A huge cascade, which does not dry out even in the hottest time of the year, is located near Alushta, in the Khapkhal crevice.

Characteristics:

• Height 15 meters;
• Width 5 meters.

The waterfall is surrounded by an ancient forest, and it is always cool here.

Skel menhirs

The monument, created by primitive man, is located in the heart of the Baydar Valley. They are big stone blocks standing vertically. Menhirs are the oldest architectural example of conscious human construction work.

There are two menhirs in total:

• The height of the first is almost three meters, the average thickness is about a meter;
• The second one is two times lower, its thickness is half a meter.

Turkish bath

The multi-domed building has been well preserved to this day. The monument of medieval architecture is located in Yevpatoria, it was built in the 16th century. The building with marble walls, benches and baths was visited not only by city residents. Slaves who were captured in villages in Russia, Ukraine, Poland and other countries were brought here. The invaders paid the bath attendants well so that the slaves could wash themselves and look healthier. Then they can be sold on the slave market at a higher price. Young women were sent to harems.

One of these slaves was Anastasia Lisovskaya, who married the Turkish Sultan Suleiman I. Now she is known under the name Roksolana.

Cave cities

These ancient policies are mainly located high in the mountains, on a plateau, and have been surprising and delighting tourists for decades. There are more than one legend about the origin of Eski-Kermen, Chufut-Kale, and Mangup-Kale. Researchers believe that cave cities were built on the orders of Byzantine emperors in the 6th-7th centuries in order to strengthen their positions. In the XIV-XV centuries, the largest cave cities even became capitals.

The monuments of Crimea are located very conveniently. No matter how you plan your trip, there will always be something interesting along the way. Everything is collected here to satisfy the needs of the most inquisitive tourist: deep caves, royal palaces, amazing parks, picturesque waterfalls, ancient fortresses and much more.

In the sixth century BC. e. The first settlement of the ancient Greeks was founded on the Crimean peninsula, thus marking the beginning of the Great Greek colonization in the Northern Black Sea region. The ancient Greeks were attracted here by fertile lands, favorable conditions for cattle breeding and trade; they were not afraid of either the cold climate or the hostility of the Scythians and Taurians, who inhabited the territory of Crimea at that time. Today, on the site of some ancient Greek cities, there are ruins of fortress walls, remains of residential and utility buildings, museums with antique objects that are carefully preserved and are attractions Crimean peninsula.

Kerkinitida – antiquity under the dome

One of the first ancient Greek cities founded on the western coast of the Crimean Peninsula was. The city was founded on the territory of modern Evpatoria at the turn of the 6th-5th centuries BC and until the end of the fourth century it existed as a separate state that actively traded, was engaged in agriculture, various crafts and minted its own coins. During the period IV-II centuries BC. e. Kerkinitida was part of Chersonesus and was engaged in the supply of grain, after which, as a result of the Greco-Scythian wars, Kerkinitida was destroyed.

The remains of the ancient Greek colony are kept under a glass dome in Evpatoria on Duvanovskaya Street, on Gorky Embankment and in local history museum cities. Here tourists and residents of Evpatoria can see the foundations of residential buildings of Kerkinitida and household items of the ancient Greeks.

Kalos Limen - a historical landmark of the village of Chernomorskoye

In the 4th century BC, on the territory of the modern village of Chernomorskoye, a ancient greek city. Residents of the city were engaged in agriculture, trade and crafts. Due to its favorable geographical location and convenient bay, Kalos Limen was often attacked by stronger neighbors and by the end of the 4th century it became part of Chersonesos. In the 2nd century BC. e polis was under the rule of the Scythians, but after several decades it again became a Greek city. At the beginning of our era, Kalos Limen was completely destroyed.

Today, on the site of the ancient city there is a historical monument and “Kalos Limen”, where you can see the ruins of an ancient Greek fortress, residential buildings, the remains of the central gate of the city and the slabs of the main street, on which traces of chariots are preserved.

Kalos Limen

Chersonese Tauride - a monument of world significance in Simferopol

In the middle of the first century BC. e. was founded on the southwestern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. For about two thousand years, this ancient Greek city was a political and cultural center nearby Greek colonies, he went down in history Ancient Greece, Roman Empire and Byzantium. It was here that Grand Duke Vladimir was baptized; in honor of this event, the Vladimir Cathedral was erected on the former square of Chersonese.

Today the ruins of this ancient city are historical monument of world significance and are under the protection of UNESCO. “Chersonese Tauride” includes several exhibitions and a large research center.

Panticapaeum - archaeological museum in Kerch

In the first half of the 6th century BC, an ancient Greek polis was founded in the eastern part of Crimea on the territory of the city of Kerch. The city developed rapidly and already in the 5th century became the capital of the Bosporan state, uniting the nearby cities. Panticapaeum was the craft, trade and cultural center of the Bosporus; gold, silver and copper coins were minted here, and the total area of ​​the policy was about 100 hectares.

The ruins of Panticapaeum are located in the center of Kerch on the slopes and top of Mount Mithridates; there is also a historical and archaeological museum, the exhibits of which are amphoras, painted ceramics, coins, epigraphic documents and other archaeological finds from the excavations of Panticapaeum.

Kharaks – fortress and palace in Gaspra

In the 1st century AD, after the victory of the Roman army over the Tauro-Scythian army, which kept Chersonesos under siege, the Romans built a fortress-city on Cape Ai-Todor. The fortress was not only a refuge for the Roman garrison, but also a center where the main sea and land routes converged. Today, all that remains of it are ruins of stone and brick and a pond decorated with mosaics.

The remains of the Kharaks fortress are located on the territory of the Dnepr sanatorium, where famous palace Kharaks, built for Georgy Mikhailovich Romanov at the beginning of the 20th century. Excursions are held on the territory of the sanatorium, and the main building for guests to stay is located in the palace.

Naples Scythian – archaeological reserve in Simferopol

In the 3rd century BC, the city of Naples, the capital of the Late Scythian state, was founded on the southeastern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Solid structures in the Greek style, stone living and utility rooms, craft workshops, grain pits found by archaeologists make it clear that the late Scythians were no longer a nomadic people, but were actively engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and crafts.

In the archaeological reserve "" you can see the remains of the city's fortress wall, visit the mausoleums of the ancient Scythian kings and learn about the culture and life of the Scythians.

If you are planning a trip to Crimea, be sure to include ancient sights in your route. Here you can not only touch real antiquity, but also listen to interesting stories from guides and broaden your horizons. Travel and discover!

How the Black Sea Greeks built houses two thousand years ago

This year marks the 40th anniversary of the Gorgippia archaeological reserve, located on the embankment of the resort city of Anapa.

Almost right next to the sea total area about 2 hectares left the excavation site untouched ancient city. Part of the fortress wall, foundations and basements of houses, and streets are visible. Local archaeologists spoke about the technologies that were used during construction in the eastern part of the Bosporan kingdom about 2 thousand years ago.

The open-air museum contains a small city block: Severnaya and Shirokaya streets - that’s what archaeologists called them. This is the outskirts of the settlement, where houses were located near the fortress wall at the exit from the city. We can say that the “middle class” lived here: judging by the finds, shopkeepers, artisans, etc.

Houses were united into estates, which could be owned by both relatives and different families. There was a property qualification: whoever owns real estate has the right to manage the life of the policy and is a citizen. In the book Ekaterina Alekseeva « Antique city Gorgippia,” which was recommended in the museum, says that the size of the plots, or, as they say today, the cadastral map, remained unchanged for centuries.

From what's at hand

The ancients were distinguished by a rational approach. Houses were built from what was in abundance in this particular area: stone and clay. A rock is a stable platform. They dug a pit to solid ground, and built the inner wall of the basement, also known as the foundation, on the rock. More than half of such buildings. The stone was adjusted with an adze and laid on a clay mortar. There are buildings in which strip foundations were used.

“Everything is based on Vitruvius, we open it and read it,” says the head of the museum’s archeology department Victor Bondarenko. Refers to a famous treatise by a Roman architect Mark of Vitruvius Pollio(1st century BC) is the only ancient work of architecture surviving today. The book was constantly republished in the USSR and Russia. The last time was in the 2000s.

Vitruvius, who inspired Leonardo da Vinci to depict the famous “Vitruvian Man”, paid great attention to proportions and ergonomics.

“The steps on the facade must be installed so that their number is always odd; for since one ascends the first step with the right foot, then one must also step on the upper step of the temple with the same foot,” he writes. The rule is valid not only for temples and is used by modern designers. The open-air museum has steps that lead to the basement. There are five of them.

Brick by brick

During the excavations, standard bricks for that time were found. In particular, the size is 12.5x24 cm - almost like a modern one, but three times thinner, so that it is easier to fire. However, they were not produced much: the main building material was adobe made of clay and straw.

Alekseeva’s book reports several typical sizes of adobe bricks: 42x42x7 cm, 34x25x12 cm, 30x15x7 cm and 17x7x4 cm. The masonry of the foundation buildings under the outer walls was 0.8 m wide. Two rows of large bricks were placed on it. The thickness of the foundation under the internal walls is 0.6 m.

Scientists suggest that the builders combined large and small blocks. Internal partitions, about 20 cm thick, were made by covering a frame made from bunches of reeds with clay. The finished building was also coated with clay to protect the adobe from rain.

The height of the ceilings in such houses could reach 2.5 m. In the basement, which was most often used as a utility room, the ceilings were somewhat smaller, but there it was also possible to comfortably stand at full height.

There is not much information about the interior decoration of houses in Gorgippia. In one of the residential basements, traces of plaster painted red were found. The inside of the walls was coated with the same clay, since lime and gypsum were in short supply at that time.

On Black Sea coast there is no volcanic ash, an important component of concrete at that time. As an alternative, builders mixed sand with lime in certain proportions (relatively little of it was needed), added grated brick as a binder - a cement mortar was obtained.

Its main advantage is that the finished material does not allow water to pass through. Cisterns and other surfaces plastered with this mixture can be seen in a winery discovered by archaeologists in one of the estates.

The houses were covered with ceramic tiles: during excavations, archaeologists found them in large quantities. The products are quite heavy. The roof was supported by one of the load-bearing walls, which rose to the level of the high point, in the design of many foundations you can see a “five-wall” structure, when the house is divided in half by a load-bearing wall on which a gable roof rests.

One can only guess how comfortable it was to live in such houses. Everything also depends on the climate. For example, the Mediterranean Greeks believed that the Pontic (that is, Black Sea) colonies were a little cold.

Fires and other serious disasters periodically occurred in Gorgippia, but the city was rebuilt several times until the 3rd century AD. e.

Meanwhile, some ancient construction technologies are still used today virtually unchanged.

Alexander REBEKO

Crimea is a real Mecca for tourists. And they are attracted here not only by the picturesque nature, the sea and the rocky mountains. The peninsula is home to a huge number of historical and cultural attractions. The monuments of Crimea are cave monasteries, ancient cities, magnificent palaces and military monuments. Every year they are visited by thousands of travelers from different countries and continents.

We will tell you about the most interesting architectural, cultural and Crimea in our article.

Crimea and its treasures

The Crimean land is unique in many aspects. Geographically, it is a peninsula (practically an island), connected to the European mainland only by a narrow isthmus. It is washed by the waters of two seas - the Black and Azov. In the northern and central parts of the peninsula, steppes and semi-deserts dominate, and in the southern part the Crimean Mountains rise smoothly to end abruptly with a grandiose rocky ledge towards the sea.

Historically, Crimea is a conglomerate of many cultures and ethnic groups. Representatives of various nationalities live within its borders: Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Armenians, Greeks, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Jews, Turks and many others. Each of these ethnic groups brought with them to the peninsula their own architectural and cultural traditions. Their numerous traces can be seen today both in ancient Crimean buildings and in the everyday life of modern Crimeans.

Crimea is a real treasure chest. The entire territory of the peninsula is densely covered with these “treasures” - historical, cultural and architectural monuments. Crimea also gave the world a special school of painting - the Cimmerian. Representatives of this school were such talented artists as Ivan Aivazovsky, Adolf Fessler and

Top 20 historical and cultural monuments of Crimea

Crimea has absolutely everything a tourist needs: the sea, an ideal climate, mountains, forests, parks with exotic plants and, of course, a lot of historical and cultural sites. These are palace and park ensembles, medieval fortresses, remains of ancient cities, ruins of ancient buildings, cave monasteries, burial mounds, mysterious settlements and much, much more.

Below we list those monuments of Crimea that are of the greatest value and are most popular among tourists. So, here are these objects:

1. "Chersonese Tauride".
2. Panorama "Defense of Sevastopol".
3. Monument to sunken ships.
4. Adzhimushkay quarries.
5. The royal mound in Kerch.
6. Livadia Palace.
7. Khan's Palace in Bakhchisarai.
8. Aivazovsky Picture Gallery.
9. Sudak fortress.
10. Kafa Fortress.
11. Eni-Kale fortress.
12. Castle "Swallow's Nest".
13. The ancient settlement of Kerkinitida.
14. Cave city Chufut-Kale.
15. Massandra Palace.
16. Surb-Khach Monastery.
17. St. Vladimir's Cathedral in Sevastopol.
18. Victory Monument (Sevastopol).

Some of the listed Crimean monuments will be described in more detail later in the article. Among them are one historical, one architectural, one military and one art monument.

Vorontsov Palace and Park Ensemble

This outstanding monument of architectural and park art is located in Alupka on the Black Sea coast. It was created in the middle of the 19th century for Count M.S. Vorontsov with the participation of the best European architects and gardeners.

The palace itself is unique in its own way: its northern facade is made in the English Gothic style, and the southern one is decorated in an unimaginable combination! The hallmark of this ensemble is the southern main staircase, decorated with three pairs of white marble lions.

An integral part of Vorontsovsky in Alupka is a park with an area of ​​40 hectares. It contains an amazing botanical collection of exotic plants brought here from Asia, America and

"Chersonese Tauride"

The Tauride Chersonese Nature Reserve was created to preserve the unique ancient landscape of southwest coast Crimea. In the fifth century BC, the ancient Greeks founded near modern city Sevastopol polis Chersonesos. Thanks to the advantageous geographical location, it very quickly turned into a powerful and prosperous city. In 2013, the ruins of Chersonesos received the status of a UNESCO monument.

The main square of the ancient city, the ancient theater (the only one in the CIS), the foundation of a medieval basilica, and the defensive tower of Zeno have survived to this day.

Aivazovsky Art Gallery

Art Gallery named after. I.K. Aivazovsky is located in Feodosia. This is one of the most important monuments of art in Crimea. The gallery presents paintings by different artists, which are united by one theme - marine. About 12 thousand paintings are collected here. 417 paintings belong to the brush of the famous marine painter I.K. Aivazovsky.

Ivan Aivazovsky is a Russian artist of Armenian origin. An outstanding painter and marine painter, whose paintings were admired all over the world. Born and raised in Feodosia, during his long and fruitful life he created over five thousand paintings. The main theme of most of his paintings is the sea.

Monument to the Scuttled Ships

Crimea has always been a tasty morsel for many empires and states. Therefore, almost the entire history of the peninsula is an endless chain of armed conflicts and wars. In the middle of the 19th century, another war broke out in Crimea. The monument, erected in 1905 in Sevastopol, is the most famous object dedicated to the events of those distant years.

The monument to sunken ships was erected in memory of those ships that had to be sunk in order to protect the city of Sevastopol from naval attacks enemy. This happened in 1855 during the so-called First Defense of Sevastopol in the Crimean War. A seven-meter column rises directly into the sea, topped with a bronze figurine of an eagle with a lowered head and open wings. The pose of the eagle fully conveys the tragedy and hopelessness of this historical event.

The total height of the monument (including the pedestal) is 16 meters. The name of the author of this monument became known only in 1949. It turned out to be the outstanding Estonian sculptor Amandus Adamson.